Nobel Physics Prize Winners

1901	Wilhelm C. Röntgen	Germany
1902	Hendrik A. Lorentz Pieter Zeeman	Netherlands Netherlands
1903	Antoine Henri Becquerel Pierre Curie Marie Curie	France France Poland - France
1904	John W. Strutt	Great Britain
1905	Philipp E. A. von Lenard	Germany
1906	Sir Joseph J. Thomson	Great Britain
1907	Albert A. Michelson	United States
1908	Gabriel Lippmann	France
1909	Carl F. Braun Guglielmo Marconi	Germany Italy
1910	Johannes D. van der Waals	Netherlands
1911	Wilhelm Wien	Germany
1912	Nils G. Dalen	Sweden
1913	Heike Kamerlingh Onnes	Netherlands
1914	Max von Laue	Germany
1915	Sir William H. Bragg Sir William L. Bragg	Great Britain Great Britain
1916
1917	Charles G. Barkla	Great Britain
1918	Max K. E. L. Planck	Germany
1919	Johannes Stark	Germany
1920	Charles E. Guillaume	France
1921	Albert Einstein	Germany - United States
1922	Niels Bohr	Denmark
1923	Robert A. Millikan	United States
1924	Karl M. G. Siegbahn	Sweden
1925	James Franck Gustav Hertz	Germany Germany
1926	Jean B. Perrin	France
1927	Arthur H. Compton Charles T. R. Wilson	United States Great Britain
1928	Owen W. Richardson	Great Britain
1929	Prince Louis-Victor de Broglie	France
1930	Sir Chandrasekhara V. Raman	India
1931
1932	Werner Heisenberg	Germany
1933	Paul A. M. Dirac Erwin Schrodinger	Great Britain Austria
1934
1935	Sir James Chadwick	Great Britain
1936	Carl D. Anderson Victor F. Hess	United States Austria
1937	Clinton J. Davisson Sir George P. Thomson	United States Great Britain
1938	Enrico Fermi	Italy - United States
1939	Ernest O. Lawrence	United States
1940
1941
1942
1943	Otto Stern	United States
1944	Isidor Isaac Rabi	United States
1945	Wolfgang Pauli	United States
1946	Percy W. Bridgman	United States
1947	Sir Edward V. Appleton	Great Britain
1948	Patrick M. S. Blackett	Great Britain
1949	Hideki Yukawa	Japan
1950	Cecil F. Powell	Great Britain
1951	Sir John D. Cockroft Ernest T. S. Walton	Great Britain Ireland
1952	Felix Bloch Edward M. Purcell	United States United States
1953	Frits Zernike	Netherlands
1954	Max Born Walter Bothe	Great Britain Germany
1955	Polykarp Kusch Willis E. Lamb	United States United States
1956	John Bardeen Walter H. Brattain William Shockley	United States United States United States
1957	Tsung-dao Lee Chen Ning Yang	United States United States
1958	Pavel Cherenkov Ilya Frank Igor Y. Tamm	Soviet Union Soviet Union Soviet Union
1959	Owen Chamberlain Emilio G. Segrée	United States United States
1960	Donald A. Glaser	United States
1961	Robert Hofstadter Rudolf L. Mössbauer	United States Germany
1962	Lev D. Landau	Soviet Union
1963	Maria Goeppert-Mayer Eugene P. Wigner J. Hans D. Jensen	United States United States Germany
1964	Nikolai G. Basov Aleksander M. Prochorov Charles H. Townes	Soviet Union Soviet Union United States
1965	Richard P. Feynman Julian S. Schwinger Shinichiro Tomonaga	United States United States Japan
1966	Alfred Kastler	France
1967	Hans A. Bethe	United States
1968	Luis W. Alvarez	United States
1969	Murray Gell-Mann	United States
1970	Louis Néel Hannes Alfvén	France Sweden
1971	Dennis Gabor	Great Britain
1972	John Bardeen Leon N. Cooper John R. Schrieffer	United States United States United States
1973	Ivar Giaever Leo Esaki Brian D. Josephson	United States Japan Great Britain
1974	Martin Ryle Antony Hewish	Great Britain Great Britain
1975	James Rainwater Ben Mottelson Aage Bohr	United States United States - Denmark Denmark
1976	Burton Richter Samuel C. C. Ting	United States United States
1977	John H. Van Vleck Philip W. Anderson Nevill F. Mott	United States United States Great Britain
1978	Pyotr Kapitsa Arno Penzias Robert Wilson	Soviet Union United States United States
1979	Steven Weinberg Sheldon L. Glashow Abdus Salam	United States United States Pakistan
1980	James W. Cronin Val L. Fitch	United States United States
1981	Nicolaas Bloembergen Arthur Schaalow Kai M. Siegbahn	United States United States Sweden
1982	Kenneth G. Wilson	United States
1983	Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar William A. Fowler	United States United States
1984	Carlo Rubbia Simon van der Meer	Italy Netherlands
1985	Klaus von Klitzing	Germany
1986	Ernest Ruska Gerd Binnig Heinrich Rohrer	Germany Germany Switzerland
1987	K. Alex Müller J. Georg Bednorz	Switzerland Germany
1988	Leon M. Lederman Melvin Schwartz Jack Steinberger	United States United States United States
1989	Norman F. Ramsey Hans G. Dehmelt Wolfgang Paul	United States Germany - United States Germany
1990	Richard E. Taylor Jerome I. Friedman Henry W. Kendall	Canada United States United States
1991	Pierre-Giles de Gennes	France
1992	Georges Charpak	Poland - France
1993	Joseph H. Taylor Russell A. Hulse	United States United States
1994	Bertram N. Brockhouse Clifford G. Shull	Canada United States
1995	Martin Perl Frederick Reines	United States United States
1996	David M. Lee Douglas D. Osheroff Robert C. Richardson	United States United States United States
1997	Steven Chu William D. Phillips Claude Cohen-Tannoudji	United States United States France
1998	Robert B. Laughlin Horst L. Störmer Daniel C. Tsui	United States United States United States
1999	Gerardus 't Hooft Martinus J.G. Veltman	Netherlands Netherlands
2000	Zhores I. Alferov Herbert Kroemer Jack S. Kilby	Russia Germany United States
2001	Eric A. Cornell Wolfgang Ketterle Carl E. Wieman	United States Germany United States
2002	Raymond Davis Jr. Masatoshi Koshiba Riccardo Giacconi	United States Japan United States
2003	Alexei A. Abrikosov Vitaly L. Ginzburg Anthony J. Leggett	United States - Russia Russia United Kingdom - United States
2004	David J. Gross H. David Politzer Frank Wilczek	United States United States United States
2005	Roy J. Glauber John L. Hall Theodor W. Hänsch	United States United States Germany
2006	John C. Mather George F. Smoot	United States United States
2007	Albert Fert Peter Grünberg	France Germany
2008	Yoichiro Nambu Makoto Kobayashi Toshihide Maskawa	United States Japan Japan
2009	Charles K. Kao Willard S. Boyl George E. Smith	United Kingdom - China United States United States
2010	Andre Geim Konstantin Novoselov	Russia Russia
2011	Saul Perlmutter Brian P. Schmidt Adam G. Riess	United States United States United States

Teen Depression: A Guide for Teenagers

 

The teenage years can be tough, and it’s perfectly normal to feel sad or irritable every now and then. But if these feelings don’t go away or become so intense that you can’t handle them, you may be suffering from depression. The good news is that you don’t have to feel this way. Help is available and you have more power than you think. There are many things you can do to help yourself or a friend start feeling better.

In This Article:

• What depression feels like
• When teen depression turns deadly
• Talking to your parents
• What you can do to feel better
• Helping a depressed friend

What depression feels like

When you’re depressed, it can feel like no one understands. But depression is far more common in teens than you may think. You are not alone and your depression is not a hopeless case. Even though it can feel like depression will never lift, it eventually will—and with proper treatment and healthy choices, that day can come even sooner.

Signs and symptoms of teen depression

It's hard to put into words how depression feels, and people experience it differently. There are, however, some common problems and symptoms that teens with depression experience.

You constantly feel irritable, sad, or angry. Nothing seems fun anymore, and you just don’t see the point of trying. You feel bad about yourself—worthless, guilty, or just "wrong" in some way You sleep too much or not enough. You have frequent, unexplained headaches or other physical problems.

Anything and everything makes you cry. You’ve gained or lost weight without consciously trying to. You just can’t concentrate. Your grades may be plummeting because of it. You feel helpless and hopeless . You’re thinking about death or suicide. (If this is true, talk to someone right away!)

• You constantly feel irritable, sad, or angry.
• Nothing seems fun anymore, and you just don’t see the point of trying.
• You feel bad about yourself—worthless, guilty, or just "wrong" in some way
• You sleep too much or not enough.
• You have frequent, unexplained headaches or other physical problems.
• Anything and everything makes you cry.
• You’ve gained or lost weight without consciously trying to.
• You just can’t concentrate. Your grades may be plummeting because of it.
• You feel helpless and hopeless .
• You’re thinking about death or suicide. (If this is true, talk to someone right away!)

Is your friend depressed?

If you’re a teenager with a friend who seems down or troubled, you may suspect depression. But how do you know it’s not just a passing phase or a bad mood? Look for common warning signs of teen depression:

• Your friend doesn’t want to do the things you guys used to love to do.
• Your friend starts using alcohol or drugs or hanging with a bad crowd.
• Your friend stops going to classes and afterschool activities.
• Your friend talks about being bad, ugly, stupid, or worthless.
• Your friend starts talking about death or suicide.

When teen depression turns deadly

If your feelings become so overwhelming that you can’t see any solution besides harming yourself or others, you need to get help right away. And yet, asking for help when you’re in the midst of such strong emotions can be really tough. If talking to a stranger might be easier for you, call 1-800-273-TALK in the U.S. to speak in confidence to someone who can understand and help you deal with your feelings. To find a suicide helpline outside the U.S., visit Befrienders Worldwide.

Coping with suicidal thoughts

In the meantime, the following suggestions can help get you through until you feel ready to talk to someone:

• There is ALWAYS another solution, even if you can’t see it right now. Many kids who have attempted suicide (and survived) say that they did it because they mistakenly felt there was no other solution to a problem they were experiencing. At the time, they could not see another way out, but in truth, they didn’t really want to die. Remember that no matter how horribly you feel, these emotions will pass.
• Having thoughts of hurting yourself or others does not make you a bad person. Depression can make you think and feel things that are out of character. No one should judge you or condemn you for these feelings if you are brave enough to talk about them.
• If your feelings are uncontrollable, tell yourself to wait 24 hours before you take any action. This can give you time to really think things through and give yourself some distance from the strong emotions that are plaguing you. During this 24-hour period, try to talk to someone—anyone—as long as they are not another suicidal or depressed person. Call a hotline or talk to a friend. What do you have to lose?
• If you’re afraid you can’t control yourself, make sure you are never alone. Even if you can’t verbalize your feelings, just stay in public places, hang out with friends or family members, or go to a movie—anything to keep from being by yourself and in danger.

For more suggestions and advice on how to handle suicidal impulses

Read: If You’re Feeling Suicidal

Above all, do not do anything that could result in permanent damage or death to yourself or others. Remember, suicide is a "permanent solution to a temporary problem." Help is available. All you need to do is take that first step and reach out.

Talking to an adult you trust about teen depression

If you are suffering and don’t know where to turn...

In the U.S., call the Nineline.org hotline for children and teens at 1-800-999-9999. It’s free, confidential, and available from 4:00 PM to 8:00 PM, Eastern Time, seven days a week.
In the UK, call the Childline.org.uk helpline for children and teens at 0800 1111.
In Australia, call the Lifeline.org.aus 24-hour helpline at 13 11 14.
In Canada, call the KidsHelpPhone.ca helpline at 1-800-668-6868.

As Will Smith once said, "parents just don’t understand." Understatement of the year, huh? It may seem like there’s no way your parents will be able to help, especially if they are always nagging you or getting angry about your behavior. The truth is, parents hate to see their kids hurting. They may feel frustrated because they don’t understand what is going on with you or know how to help.
Many parents don’t know enough about depression to recognize it in their own kids. So, it may be up to you to educate them. You can refer them to this site, or look for further information online. Letting your parents know that you are feeling depressed will probably motivate them to get you the help you need.
If your parents are abusive in any way, or if they have problems of their own that makes it difficult for them to take care of you, find another adult you trust (such as a relative, teacher, counselor, or coach). This person can either help you approach your parents, or direct you toward the support you need. If you truly don’t have anyone you can talk to, refer to our resources at the end of this article. There are many hotlines, services, and support groups that can help.
No matter what, talk to someone, especially if you are having any thoughts of harming yourself or others. Asking for help is the bravest thing you can do, and the first step on your way to feeling better.

The importance of accepting and sharing your feelings

Learn why all emotions play important roles

Watch 3-min. video: Developing emotional awareness

It can be hard to open up about how you’re feeling—especially when you’re feeling depressed, hopeless, ashamed, or worthless.
It’s important to remember that everyone struggles with feelings like these at one time or another. They don’t mean you’re weak, fundamentally flawed, or no good. Accepting your feelings and opening up about them with someone you trust will help you feel less alone.
No matter what it feels like, people love and care about you, and if you can muster the courage to talk about your depression, it can—and will—be resolved. Some people think that talking about sad feelings will make them worse, but the opposite is almost always true. It is very helpful to share your worries with someone who will listen and care.

What you can do to feel better: Tips for depressed teens

Beating depression, one day at a time

You can’t beat depression through sheer willpower, but you do have some control—even if your depression is severe and stubbornly persistent. The key to depression recovery is to start with a few small goals and slowly build from there. Read Dealing with Depression

Depression is not your fault, and you didn’t do anything to cause it. However, you do have some control over feeling better. Staying connected to friends and family, making healthy lifestyle decisions, and keeping stress under control can all have a hugely positive impact on your mood.
In the meantime, you might need therapy or medication to help you while you sort out your feelings. Look into your treatment options with your parents. If medication is being considered, do your research before making a decision, as some antidepressants used for adults can actually make teens feel worse.

Beating depression, one day at a time

You can’t beat depression through sheer willpower, but you do have some control—even if your depression is severe and stubbornly persistent. The key to depression recovery is to start with a few small goals and slowly build from there. Read Dealing with Depression

Try not to isolate yourself

When you’re depressed, you may not feel like seeing anybody or doing anything. Just getting out of bed in the morning can be difficult, but isolating yourself only makes depression worse. Make it a point to stay social, even if that’s the last thing you want to do. As you get out into the world, you may find yourself feeling better.
Spend time with friends, especially those who are active, upbeat, and make you feel good about yourself. Avoid hanging out with those who abuse drugs or alcohol, get you into trouble, or who make you feel insecure. It’s also a good idea to limit the time you spend playing video games or surfing online.

Keep your body healthy

Making healthy lifestyle choices can do wonders for your mood. Things like diet and exercise have been shown to help depression. Ever heard of a "runners high"? You actually get a rush of endorphins from exercising, which makes you feel instantly happier. Physical activity can be as effective as medications or therapy for depression, so get involved in sports, ride your bike, or take a dance class. Any activity helps! Even a short walk can be beneficial.
As for food, it’s true that you are what you eat. An improper diet can make you feel sluggish and tired, which worsens depression symptoms. Your body needs vitamins and minerals such as iron and the B-vitamins. Make sure you’re feeding your mind with plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Talk to your parents, doctor or school nurse about how to ensure your diet is adequately nutritious.

Avoid alcohol and drugs

You may be tempted to drink or use drugs in an effort to escape from your feelings and get a "mood boost", even if just for a short time. However, substance use can not only make depression worse, but can cause you to become depressed in the first place. Alcohol and drug use can also increase suicidal feelings. In short, drinking and taking drugs will make you feel worse—not better—in the long run.
If you’re addicted to alcohol or drugs, seek help. You will need special treatment for your substance problem on top of whatever treatment you’re receiving for your depression.

Ask for help if you’re stressed

Stress and worry can take a big toll, even leading to depression. Talk to a teacher or school counselor if exams or classes seem overwhelming. Likewise, if you have a health concern you feel you can’t talk to your parents about—such as a pregnancy scare or drug problem—seek medical attention at a clinic or see a doctor. A health professional can help you approach your parents (if that is required) and guide you toward appropriate treatment.
If you’re dealing with relationship, friendship, or family problems, talk to an adult you trust. Your school may have a counselor you can go to for help, or you may want to ask your parents to make an appointment for you to see a therapist.

Helping a depressed friend

Depressed teens typically rely on their friends more than their parents or other adults in their lives, so you may find yourself in the position of being the first—or only—person that they talk to about their feelings. While this might seem like a huge responsibility, there are many things you can do to help.

• Get your friend to talk to you. Starting a conversation about depression can be daunting, but you can say something simple: "You seem like you are really down, and not yourself. I really want to help you. Is there anything I can do?"
• Know that your friend doesn’t expect you to have the answers. Your friend probably just needs someone to listen and be supportive. By listening and responding in a non-judgmental and reassuring manner, you are helping in a major way.
• Encourage your friend to get help. Urge your depressed friend to talk to a parent, teacher, or counselor. It might be scary for your friend to admit to an authority figure that there is a problem. Having you there might help, so offer to go along for support.
• Stick with your friend through the hard times. Depression can make people do and say things that are hurtful or strange. But your friend is going through a very difficult time, so try not to take it personally. Once your friend gets help, he or she will go back to being the person you know and love. In the meantime, make sure you have other friends or family taking care of you. Your feelings are important and need to be respected, too.
• Speak up if your friend is suicidal. If your friend is joking or talking about suicide, giving possessions away, or saying goodbye, tell a trusted adult immediately. Your only responsibility at this point is to get your friend help, and get it fast. Even if you promised not to tell, your friend needs your help. It’s better to have a friend who is temporarily angry at you than one who is no longer alive.

Improve your memory by sleeping on it

When you’re sleep deprived, your brain can’t operate at full capacity. Creativity, problem-solving abilities, and critical thinking skills are compromised. Whether you’re studying, working, or trying to juggle life’s many demands, sleep deprivation is a recipe for disaster.

But sleep is critical to learning and memory in an even more fundamental way. Research shows that sleep is necessary for memory consolidation, with the key memory-enhancing activity occurring during the deepest stages of sleep.

When you exercise the body, you exercise the brain

Treating your body well can enhance your ability to process and recall information. Physical exercise increases oxygen to your brain and reduces the risk for disorders that lead to memory loss, such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Exercise may also enhance the effects of helpful brain chemicals and protect brain cells.

Improving memory tip 1: Don't skimp on exercise or sleep

Just as an athlete relies on sleep and a nutrition-packed diet to perform his or her best, your ability to remember increases when you nurture your brain with a good diet and other healthy habits.

Harnessing the power of your brain

They say that you can’t teach an old dog new tricks, but when it comes to the brain, scientists have discovered that this old adage simply isn’t true. The human brain has an astonishing ability to adapt and change—even into old age. This ability is known as neuroplasticity. With the right stimulation, your brain can form new neural pathways, alter existing connections, and adapt and react in ever-changing ways.

The brain’s incredible ability to reshape itself holds true when it comes to learning and memory. You can harness the natural power of neuroplasticity to increase your cognitive abilities, enhance your ability to learn new information, and improve your memory.

Harnessing the power of your brain

They say that you can’t teach an old dog new tricks, but when it comes to the brain, scientists have discovered that this old adage simply isn’t true. The human brain has an astonishing ability to adapt and change—even into old age. This ability is known as neuroplasticity. With the right stimulation, your brain can form new neural pathways, alter existing connections, and adapt and react in ever-changing ways.

The brain’s incredible ability to reshape itself holds true when it comes to learning and memory. You can harness the natural power of neuroplasticity to increase your cognitive abilities, enhance your ability to learn new information, and improve your memory.